分子生物学(Molecular Biology)
分子生物学是生物学的一个分支，涉及细胞各系统中生物分子之间生物活动的分子基础，包括DNA、RNA、蛋白质及其生物合成之间的相互作用，以及这些相互作用的调节。<br/>英论阁Enago在分子生物学领域具有深厚的专业知识，拥有分子生物学和相关学科，如生物化学、细胞生物学、生物资讯学、酶学、遗传学、免疫学等相关学科的学科专业翻译师、双语校对以及英语母语学科专家编辑，且已翻译了大量此领域相关的论文，并协助诸多学术作者成功在国际知名SCI/EI/SSCI期刊上发表高水准论文。
首先：DNA 还是蛋白质？核糖酶的发现和 RNA 世界假说为这个问题添加了一个新的层面。酶类是发现核糖酶的唯一已知天然催化剂。
核糖酶（也称为 RNA 酶类或催化 RNA）是催化生化反应的 RNA 颗粒。托马斯•切赫和西德尼•奥特曼在 1980 年代首先发现了 核糖酶，并随后对其催化性质进行了研究。托马斯•切赫发现，在没有额外细胞提取物的情况下，四膜虫核糖体 RNA 基因中的核糖体 RNA发生内含子剪接。西德尼•奥特曼及其同事发现了细菌核糖核酸酶 P，这是一种可改变前体激活tRNA 的酶。但研究发现，除蛋白质外，这种酶还含有 RNA，可在没有蛋白质成分的情况下刺激前体 tRNA 裂解成 tRNA。此外，托马斯•切赫得出结论，认为RNA 的内含子序列可以破坏并重组磷酸二酯键。他们均在1989 年赢得诺贝尔化学奖。天然核糖酶可催化自身的磷酸二酯键水解，还可以催化转氨酶活性。此外，它们还可催化其他 RNA 的水解。它们被称为核糖酶是因为它们与酶一样具有特异性，同时又属于 RNA。但它们又与酶不同，理由如下：
1) 与酶不同，核糖酶不需要特定的 pH 值和温度。
2) 核糖酶由核苷酸组成。
3) 它们没有明确界定的区域，例如活性部位和催化点。
4) 它们对非常少的物质其作用，但其作用非常有限。
到目前为止，已经发现了很多核糖酶。合成出几种人工核糖酶后，天然核糖酶的发现也随之增加。因为它们的能力，已研究将其作为治疗剂和生物传感器使用，同时也用于基因功能和基因发现的研究。
学科专家翻译：精于您论文领域的翻译师翻译，用语精准
What came first the DNA or protein? Discovery of ribozymes and the hypothesis of RNA world has given this question another dimension. Enzyme was the only known natural catalysts to the discovery of ribozymes.
Ribozymes (also known as RNA enzyme or catalytic RNA) are RNA particles that catalyze biochemic reaction. Thomas Cech and Altman were the first to discover ribozymes during 1980s and went on later to investigate the catalytic properties. Thomas Cech found that splicing of introns in a ribosomal RNA in ribosomal RNA gene in Tetrahymena thermohila were found to occur in the absence of additional cell extract. Sidney Altman and his colleagues, separated the bacterial RNase P, an enzyme responsible for changing a precursor to active tRNA. However it was found that in addition to the protein, the enzyme also contained RNA that could stimulate the cleavage of precursor tRNA into tRNA in the absence of protein component. Also, Thomas Cech gave the conclusion that the intron sequence of the RNA can break and reform phosdiester bonds. They won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for the same thing in 1989. Natural ribosomes catalyze the hydrolysis of their own phosphodiester bonds. They also catalyze the aminotransferase activity. They also catalyze the hydrolysis of the other RNA. Ribozymes are so called because they act as enzymes in terms of their specificity and belong to RNA. However, they are different from enzymes because of the following reasons:
1) Unlike enzymes, ribozymes do not require specific pH and temperature
2) Ribozymes consists of nucleotides.
3) They do not have well defined regions, such as active site and catalyzed site.
4) They can act on a very small amounts of substances but perform a more limited set of instructions
A number of ribozymes have been discovered till date. The discovery of naturally occurring ribozymes is increasing, along with which several artificial ribozymes have also been synthesized. Due to their abilities, ribozymes have been investigated for applications as therapeutic agents, biosensors, and in genomics functions and discovery of genes.
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What came first DNA or protein? The discovery of ribozymes and the hypothesis of RNA world has given this question another dimension. Before the discovery of the ribozymes, enzymes was the only known natural catalysts.
Ribozymes (also known as RNA enzymes or catalytic RNA) are RNA particles that catalyze biochemical reactions. Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman were the first to discover ribozymes during the 1980s and later went on to investigate their catalytic properties. Thomas Cech found that splicing of introns in ribosomal RNA in the ribosomal RNA gene in Tetrahymena thermophila occurred in the absence of additional cell extracts. Sidney Altman and his colleagues, discovered the bacterial RNase P, an enzyme responsible for converting precursor tRNA to its active form. However, it was found that in addition to proteins, the enzyme contained RNA that could stimulate the cleavage of precursor tRNA into tRNA in the absence of the protein component. In addition, Cech concluded that the intron sequence of RNA could cleave and reform phosphodiester bonds. They won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for the same thing in 1989. Natural ribozymes catalyze the hydrolysis of their own phosphodiester bonds. They also catalyze the aminotransferase activity. Further, they catalyze the hydrolysis of other RNA. They are termed as ribozymes because they are as specific as enzymes and belong to RNA. However, they are different from enzymes because of the following reasons:
1) Unlike enzymes, ribozymes do not require a specific pH and temperature.
2) Ribozymes consist of nucleotides.
3) They do not have well-defined regions, such as active and catalytic sites.
4) They can act on very small amounts of substances but perform a more limited set of actions.
Many ribozymes have been discovered till date. The discovery of naturally occurring ribozymes is increasing along with the synthesis of several artificial ribozymes. Because of their abilities, ribozymes have been investigated for applications as therapeutic agents and biosensors as well as in genomic functions and discovery of genes.
